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William Allen (1532 – 16 October 1594), was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Allen assisted in the planning of the Spanish Armada's attempted invasion of England, and would likely have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor had it been successful. The Douai-Rheims Bible was printed under Allen's orders. His activities were part of the Catholic Counter Reformation, but they made matters worse for Roman Catholics in England and in Ireland. He advised and recommended Pope Pius V to "depose" Elizabeth I. After her ''Sentence'' of Excommunication and "Deposition" from the Pope, Elizabeth chose not to continue with her policy of religious tolerance, and instead began the persecution of her Catholic religious opponents. ==Early life== Allen was born in 1532, at Rossall, near Fleetwood, Lancashire, England. He was the third son of John Allen. In 1547, at the age of fifteen, he entered Oriel College, Oxford, graduated ''Bachelor of Arts'' in 1550, and was elected to the Fellowship of the College. In 1554, he became a ''Master of Arts'', and two years later, in 1556, was made Principal and Proctor of the then Saint Mary's Hall. He seems also to had been a canon at York Minster in or about 1558, indicating that he had most likely received tonsure, the initial step towards ordination that conferred clerical status. Upon the accession of Elizabeth I, and the second schism of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, but was allowed to remain at the University of Oxford, until 1561. His public opposition to the newly Protestantized Church of England forced him to leave the Kingdom and in that year, having resigned all of his benefices, he left England to seek refuge at Louvain and its University, where he joined many other students from the English Universities who had fled to taking the Oath of Supremacy. There, he continued his theological studies and began to write apologetic, polemic and controversialist treatises. In the following year he returned to his native England, although not yet an ordained priest, and despite suffering from ill health. He devoted himself to the re-conversion of his native land to the old faith. In particular, he worked to dissuade the Catholic faithful from attending Protestant worship, an outward compromise of their faith and conscience that many made so as to avoid ruin from fines, confiscations and other disabilities, a fate that eventually befell members of his own family. During this period as a clandestine missionary in England he formed the conviction that the people were not set against Rome by choice, but by force and by circumstances; and the majority were only too ready, in response to his sermons and ministrations, to return to Roman Catholicism. He was convinced that the Protestant hold over the Kingdom, favoured by the policies of Elizabeth, could only be temporary. When his presence was discovered by the Queen's agents, servants and representatives, he fled from Lancashire and withdrew to Oxfordshire. After writing a treatise in defence of the power of the priest to remit sins, he was obliged to retire to Norfolk, under the protection of the family of the Duke of Norfolk, but already in 1565 had once again to leave for the Continent. He was never to return. Traveling to the Low Countries, he was ordained priest shortly afterwards at Malines in Flanders, and began to lecture in theology at the Benedictine College there. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William Allen (cardinal)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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